The Apache web server is among the many packages that make up the RHEL 9 operating system. The scalability and resilience of RHEL 9 make it an ideal platform for hosting even the most heavily trafficked websites.
This chapter will explain how to configure a RHEL 9 system using Apache to act as a web server, including both secure (HTTPS) and insecure (HTTP) configurations.
Requirements for Configuring a RHEL 9 Web Server
To set up your own website, you need a computer (or cloud server instance), an operating system, a web server, a domain name, a name server, and an IP address.
In terms of an operating system, we will assume you are using RHEL 9. As previously mentioned, RHEL 9 supports the Apache web server, which can easily be installed once the operating system is up and running. In addition, a domain name can be registered with any domain name registration service.
If you are running RHEL 9 on a cloud instance, the IP address assigned by the provider will be listed in the server overview information. However, if you are hosting your own server and your internet service provider (ISP) has assigned a static IP address, you must associate your domain with that address. This is achieved using a name server, and all domain registration services will provide this service.
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If you do not have a static IP address (i.e., your ISP provides you with a dynamic address that changes frequently), you can use one of several free Dynamic DNS (DDNS or DynDNS for short) services to map your dynamic IP address to your domain name.
Once you have configured your domain name and your name server, the next step is to install and configure your web server.
Installing the Apache Web Server Packages
The current release of RHEL typically does not install the Apache web server by default. To check whether the server is already installed, run the following command:
# rpm -q httpd
If rpm generates output similar to the following, the Apache server is already installed:
httpd-2.4.53-7.el9_1.5.x86_64
Alternatively, if rpm generates a “package httpd is not installed” message, the next step is to install it. To install Apache, run the following command at the command prompt:
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# dnf install httpd
Configuring the Firewall
Before starting and testing the Apache web server, the firewall must be modified to allow the webserver to communicate with the outside world. By default, the HTTP and HTTPS protocols use ports 80 and 443, respectively, so depending on which protocols are being used, either one or both of these ports will need to be opened. When opening the ports, be sure to specify the firewall zone that applies to the internet-facing network connection:
# firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=<zone> --add-port=80/tcp # firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=<zone> --add-port=443/tcp
After opening the necessary ports, be sure to reload the firewall settings:
# firewall-cmd --reload
On cloud-hosted servers, enabling the appropriate port for the server instance within the cloud console may also be necessary. Check the documentation for the cloud provider for steps to do this.
Port Forwarding
Suppose the RHEL 9 system hosting the web server sits on a network protected by a firewall (another computer running a firewall, router, or wireless base station containing built-in firewall protection). In that case, you must configure the firewall to forward ports 80 and 443 to your web server system. The mechanism for performing this differs between firewalls and devices, so check your documentation to find out how to configure port forwarding.
Starting the Apache Web Server
Once the Apache server is installed and the firewall configured, the next step is to verify that the server is running and start it if necessary.
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To check the status of the Apache service from the command line, enter the following at the command prompt:
# systemctl status httpd
If the above command indicates that the httpd service is not running, it can be launched from the command line as follows:
# systemctl start httpd
If you would like the Apache httpd service to start automatically when the system boots, run the following command:
# systemctl enable httpd
Testing the Web Server
Once the installation is complete, the next step is verifying the web server is running.
If you have access (either locally or remotely) to the desktop environment of the server, start up a web browser and enter http://127.0.0.1 in the address bar (127.0.0.1 is the loop-back network address which tells the system to connect to the local machine). If everything is set up correctly, the browser should load the RHEL shown in Figure 29-1:
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If the desktop environment is unavailable, connect either from another system on the same local network as the server, or use the external IP address assigned to the system if it is hosted remotely.
Configuring the Apache Web Server for Your Domain
The next step in setting up your web server is configuring it for your domain name. To configure the web server, begin by changing directory to /etc/httpd, which, in turn, contains several files and sub-directories. Change directory into the conf sub-directory, where you will find a file named httpd.conf containing the configuration settings for the Apache server.
Edit the httpd.conf file using your preferred editor with super-user privileges to ensure you have permission to access and modify the file. Once loaded, several settings need to be changed to match your environment.
The most common way to configure Apache for a specific domain is to add virtual host entries to the httpd.conf file. This allows a single Apache server to support multiple websites simply by adding a virtual host entry for each site domain. Within the httpd.conf file, add a virtual host entry for your domain as follows:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin [email protected]
ServerName www.myexample.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/myexample
ErrorLog logs/myexample_error_log
CustomLog logs/myexample_access_log combined
</VirtualHost>The ServerAdmin directive in the above virtual host entry defines an administrative email address for people wishing to contact the webmaster for your site. Change this to an appropriate email address where you can be contacted.
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Next, the ServerName is declared so the web server knows the domain name associated with this virtual host.
Since each website supported by the server will have its own set of files, the DocumentRoot setting is used to specify the location of the files for this website domain. The tradition is to use / var/www/domain-name, for example:
DocumentRoot /var/www/myexample
Finally, entries are added for the access history and error log files.
Create the /var/www/<domain name> directory as declared in the httpd.conf file and place an index.html file in it containing some basic HTML. For example:
<html> <title>Sample Web Page</title> <body> Welcome to MyExample.com </body> </html>
The last step is to restart the httpd service to make sure it picks up our new settings:
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# systemctl restart httpd
Finally, check that the server configuration works by opening a browser window and navigating to the site using the domain name instead of the IP address. The web page that loads should be defined in the index.html file created above.
The Basics of a Secure Website
The web server and website created in this chapter use the HTTP protocol on port 80 and, as such, are considered to be insecure. The problem is that the traffic between the web server and the client (typically a user’s web browser) is transmitted in clear text. In other words, the data is unencrypted and susceptible to interception. While not a problem for general web browsing, this is a severe weakness when performing tasks such as logging into websites or transferring sensitive information such as identity or credit card details.
These days, websites are expected to use HTTPS, which uses either Secure Socket Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) to establish secure, encrypted communication between a web server and a client. This security is established through the use of public, private, and session encryption together with certificates.
To support HTTPS, a website must have a certificate issued by a trusted authority known as a Certificate Authority (CA). When a browser connects to a secure website, the web server sends back a copy of the website’s SSL certificate, which also contains a copy of the site’s public key. The browser then validates the authenticity of the certificate with trusted certificate authorities. If the certificate is valid, the browser uses the public key sent by the server to encrypt a session key and pass it to the server. The server decrypts the session key using the private key to send an encrypted acknowledgment to the browser. Once this process is complete, the browser and server use the session key to encrypt all subsequent data transmissions until the session ends.
Configuring Apache for HTTPS
By default, the Apache server does not include the necessary module to implement a secure HTTPS website. The first step, therefore, is to install the Apache mod_ssl module on the server system as follows:
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# dnf install mod_ssl
Restart httpd after the installation completes to load the new module into the Apache server:
# systemctl restart httpd
Check that the module has loaded into the server using the following command:
# httpd -M | grep ssl_module ssl_module (shared)
Once the ssl module is installed, repeat the steps from the previous section of this chapter to create a configuration file for the website, this time using the sites-available/default-ssl.conf file as the template for the site configuration file. Assuming the module is installed, the next step is to generate an SSL certificate for the website.
Obtaining an SSL Certificate
The certificate for a website must be obtained from a Certificate Authority. Several options are available at a range of prices. By far the best option, however, is to obtain a free certificate from Let’s Encrypt at the following URL:
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Obtaining a certificate from Let’s Encrypt involves installing and running the Certbot tool. This tool will scan the Apache configuration files on the server and provides the option to generate certificates for any virtual hosts configured on the system. It will then generate the certificate and add virtual host entries to the Apache configuration for the corresponding websites.
Follow the steps on the Let’s Encrypt website to download and install Certbot on your RHEL 9 system, then run the certbot tool as follows to generate and install the certificate:
# certbot --apache
After requesting an email address and seeking terms of service acceptance, Certbot will list the domains found in the httpd.conf file and allow the selection of one or more sites for which a certificate will be installed. Certbot will then perform some checks before obtaining and installing the certificate on the system:
hich names would you like to activate HTTPS for? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1: www.myexample.com - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Select the appropriate numbers separated by commas and/or spaces, or leave input blank to select all options shown (Enter 'c' to cancel): 1 Obtaining a new certificate Performing the following challenges: http-01 challenge for www.myexample.com Waiting for verification... Cleaning up challenges Created an SSL vhost at /etc/httpd/conf/httpd-le-ssl.conf Deploying Certificate to VirtualHost /etc/httpd/conf/httpd-le-ssl.conf Enabling sit
Certbot will also create a new file named httpd-le-ssl.conf in the /etc/httpd/conf directory containing a secure virtual host entry for each domain name for which a certificate has been generated. These entries will be similar to the following:
<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerAdmin [email protected]
ServerName www.myexample.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/myexample
ErrorLog logs/myexample_error_log
CustomLog logs/myexample_access_log combined
SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/www.myexample.com/fullchain.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/www.myexample.com/privkey.pem
Include /etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-apache.conf
</VirtualHost>
</IfModule>Finally, Certbot will ask whether the server should redirect future HTTP web requests to HTTPS. In other words, if a user attempts to access http://www.myexample.com, the web server will redirect the user to https://www.myexample.com:
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Please choose whether or not to redirect HTTP traffic to HTTPS, removing HTTP access. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1: No redirect - Make no further changes to the webserver configuration. 2: Redirect - Make all requests redirect to secure HTTPS access. Choose this for new sites, or if you're confident your site works on HTTPS. You can undo this change by editing your web server's configuration. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Select the appropriate number [1-2] then [enter] (press 'c' to cancel): 2
If you are currently testing the HTTPS configuration and would like to keep the HTTP version live until later, select the No redirect option. Otherwise, redirecting to HTTPS is generally recommended.
Once the certificate has been installed, test it in a browser at the following URL (replacing myexample.com with your own domain name):
https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/analyze.html?d=www.myexample.com
If the certificate configuration is successful, the SSL Labs report will provide a high rating, as shown in Figure 29-2:
As a final test, open a browser window and navigate to your domain using the https:// prefix. The page should load as before, and the browser should indicate that the connection between the browser and server is secure (usually indicated by a padlock icon in the address bar, which can be clicked for additional information):
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Summary
A RHEL 9 system can host websites by installing the Apache web server. Insecure (HTTP) and secure (HTTPS) websites can be deployed on RHEL 9. Secure websites use either Secure Socket Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) to establish encrypted communication between the web server and client through public, private, and session encryption, together with a certificate issued by a trusted Certificate Authority.